Scorpions are arachnids (not insects) and the scorpion is most closely related to spiders and ticks. Other species dig their own burrows which vary in complexity and depth. The courtship ritual can involve several other behaviors such as a cheliceral kiss, in which the male and female grasp each other's mouth-parts, arbre droit ("upright tree") where the partners elevate their posteriors and rub their tails together, and sexual stinging, in which the male stings the female in the chelae or mesosoma to subdue her. Those species belong to the family Buthidae, including Leiurus quinquestriatus, Hottentotta spp., Centruroides spp., and Androctonus spp. A small dog with a big, lively personality. Mecopterans are sometimes called scorpionflies after their largest family, Panorpidae, in which the males have enlarged genitals that look similar to the stingers of scorpions, and long beaklike rostra. In the Roman army, the scorpio was a torsion siege engine used to shoot a projectile. Digging is done using the mouth parts, claws and legs. Whether the early scorpions were marine or terrestrial has been debated, though they had book lungs like modern terrestrial species. Antivenom is the specific treatment for scorpion envenomation combined with supportive measures including vasodilators in patients with cardiovascular toxic effects, and benzodiazepines when there is neuromuscular involvement. [135] Carl Linnaeus described six species of scorpion in his genus Scorpio in 1758 and 1767; three of these are now considered valid and are called Scorpio maurus, Androctonus australis, and Euscorpius carpathicus; the other three are dubious names. Scorpionfish, also spelled scorpion fish, also called rockfish and stonefish, any of the numerous bottom-living marine fish of the family Scorpaenidae, especially those of the genus Scorpaena, widely distributed in temperate and tropical waters. Any solid indigestible matter (such as exoskeleton fragments) is trapped by setae in the pre-oral cavity and ejected. Major predators include frogs, lizards, snakes, birds, and mammals. [112] The scorpion is perceived both as an embodiment of evil and as a protective force such as a dervish's powers to combat evil. About 1400 species of scorpion exist; about 40 of them occur in the United States. [74], Scorpions generally prey on insects, particularly grasshoppers, crickets, termites, beetles and wasps. [79][80], When the male has located a suitably stable substrate, such as hard ground, agglomerated sand, rock, or tree bark, he deposits the spermatophore and guides the female over it. They connect to glandular symmetrical structures called paraxial organs, which end at the genital orifice. Common Name: Striped bark scorpion. The heart is continuous with a deep arterial system which spreads throughout the body. These secrete chitin-based structures which come together to form the spermatophore. [13] Scorpiones is sister to the Tetrapulmonata, a terrestrial group with book lungs that contains the spiders and whip scorpions, as in this 2019 cladogram:[6], The internal phylogeny of the scorpions has been debated,[6] but genomic analysis consistently places the Bothriuridae as sister to a clade consisting of Scorpionoidea and "Chactoidea". In the apoikogenic system, which is mainly found in the Buthidae, embryos develop in yolk-rich eggs inside follicles. [89], Before giving birth, the female elevates the front of her body and positions her pedipalps and front legs under her to catch the young ("birth basket"). [41][42] The brain of a scorpion is in the back of the cephalothorax, just above the esophagus. Two other subspecies, Mastigoproctus giganteus mexicanus (Lucas, 1835) and Mastigoproctus giganteus scabrosus(Lucas, 1835) are confined to portions of Mexico. [46] Depending on the species, the legs may have spines and spurs. Scorpions are mentioned in the Bible and the Talmud as symbols of danger and maliciousness. Other prey include spiders, solifugids, woodlice and even small vertebrates including lizards, snakes and mammals. An underwater predator, the Water scorpion hides among dead leaves where it waits to ambush its prey (such as tadpoles and small fish) with its grabbing pincer-like legs. This allows the spermatophore to enter her genital opercula, which triggers release of the sperm, thus fertilizing the female. This makes the work of scorpion researchers considerably easier. The scientific name Scorpaenidae comes from New Latin, combining Scorpaena and the suffix -idae. Their bodies are tan, and their backs are slightly darker in color. The brood molt for the first time simultaneously in a process that lasts 6 to 8 hours, marking the beginning of the juvenile stage. Name : Scorpion Scientific Name: Hotentotta tamulus Location: Tamhini, Pune. A muscle opens the spiracle and widens the atrial chamber; dorsoventral muscles contract to compress the pulmonary chamber, forcing air out, and relax to allow the chamber to refill. Scorpions detect their prey with mechanoreceptive and chemoreceptive hairs on their bodies and capture them with their claws. [54][55], The "tail" or metasoma consists of five segments and the telson, not strictly a segment. Mecoptera (from the Greek: mecos = "long", ptera = "wings") are an order of insects in the superorder Endopterygota with about six hundred species in nine families worldwide. Scorpion, common name for arachnid having a flat, narrow body, two lobsterlike claws, eight legs, and a segmented abdominal tail. Scorpions themselves are preyed on by larger animals. Some are able to survive 6 to 12 months of starvation. [10] This classification is based on Soleglad and Fet (2003),[20] which replaced Stockwell's older, unpublished classification. While more commonly encountered in arid areas, Mastigoproct… The Arizona Desert Scorpion is largest species of scorpion native to the United States. It is distributed widely across tropical and subtropical southeastern Asia , including Cambodia , Laos , Thailand , Vietnam , India , Sri Lanka , Nepal , and China ( Tibet ). Sub specidromopoda. The diversity of scorpions is greatest in subtropical areas; it decreases towards both the poles and the equator, though scorpions are found in the tropics. [117], The fable of The Scorpion and the Frog has been interpreted as showing that vicious people cannot resist hurting others, even when it is not in their interests. [70] Scorpions host parasites including mites, scuttle flies, nematodes and some bacteria. Scorpions have two eyes on the top of the cephalothorax, and usually two to five pairs of eyes along the front corners of the cephalothorax. [83], Gestation in scorpions can last for over a year in some species. In ancient Egypt, the goddess Serket, who protected the Pharaoh, was often depicted as a scorpion. It can be found in forest habitats in litter and logs (sometimes in suburban gardens) across south western and eastern mainland Australia and Tasmania. They are pincer-like and have three segments and sharp "teeth". One such species is the Desert Hairy Scorpion, which has a scientific name of Hadruras arizonensis. He divided it into four families, the six-eyed scorpions "Scorpionides", the eight-eyed scorpions "Buthides", the ten-eyed scorpions "Centrurides", and the twelve-eyed scorpions "Androctonides". In some parts of the world with highly venomous species, human fatalities regularly occur, primarily in areas with limited access to medical treatment. Have large rounded ears to help keep them cool! Female scorpions give birth to live young in litters that can range from 4 baby scorpions to 8 or 9 baby scorpions. Scorpion fossils have been found in many strata, including marine Silurian and estuarine Devonian deposits, coal deposits from the Carboniferous Period and in amber. Scientific name: Centruoides vittatus Size: 2.76 inches Venomous: Yes, but moderate. The Scorpion fishes go by the scientific name Scorpaenidae and belong to the kingdom Animalia and Phylum Chordata. [66], Scorpions may be attacked by other arthropods like ants, spiders, solifugids and centipedes. Asked by Wiki User. The Striped Bark Scorpion is the only species that occurs throughout all of Texas, and is the most common species in Central Texas. [114] The male and female then abruptly separate. Descrption: Very common scorpion in and around human habitation. Emperor scorpions live in the coast countries of west central Africa. These fish can grow up to three feet long! [52] The 7th and last somite does not bear appendages or any other significant external structures. The chelicerae, which are very sharp, are used to pull small amounts of food off the prey item into a pre-oral cavity below the chelicerae and carapace. Even when dehydrated, a scorpion can tolerate high osmotic pressure in its blood. Scorpion Scientific Classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnida Order Scorpiones Family Scorpionoidea Scientific Name … As a group, whip scorpions are found worldwide in the tropics and subtropics. [88] The body size of scorpions is not correlated either with brood size or with life cycle length. [127] A version of the Matilda II tank, fitted with a flail to clear mines, was named the Matilda Scorpion. The exoskeleton contains fluorescent chemicals and glows under ultraviolet light. As there is currently neither paleontological nor embryological evidence that arachnids ever had a separate thorax-like division, there exists an argument against the validity of the term cephalothorax, which means fused, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, "Exploring the Evolution and Terrestrialization of Scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) with Rocks and Clocks", "A Silurian Ancestral scorpion with Fossilised Internal Anatomy Illustrating a Pathway to Arachnid Terrestrialisation", "The Earliest Record of Terrestrial Animals in Gondwana: a Scorpion from the Famennian (Late Devonian) Witpoort Formation of South Africa", "Scorpions (Arachnida, Scorpiones) Described by Linnaeus", "Illustrated Catalog of Scorpions, Part I", "High-level Systematics and Phylogeny of the Extant Scorpions (Scorpiones: Orthosterni)", "The Systematic Position of the Scorpion Genera, "Contributions to Scorpion Systematics. Some may use burrows made by other animals including spiders, reptiles and small mammals. Some are able to survive 6 to 12 months of starvation. [122][123][124], Since classical times, the scorpion with its powerful stinger has been used to provide a name for weapons. The Striped Bark Scorpion is the only species that occurs throughout all of Texas, and is the most common species in Central Texas. A hand- or forearm-balancing asana in modern yoga as exercise with the back arched and one or both legs pointing forwards over the head in the manner of the scorpion's tail is called Scorpion pose. However, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. Desert species must deal with the extreme changes in temperature from day to night or between seasons; Pectinibuthus birulai lives in a temperature range of −30–50 °C (−22–122 °F). Nepidae is a family of exclusively aquatic Heteropteran insects in the order Hemiptera. [78] Receptive females produce pheromones which are picked up by wandering males using their pectines to comb the substrate. … [3] The Proto-Indo-European root word *(s)ker- has been translated as "to cut". The baby scorpion climbs onto the back of the mother scorpion almost immediately after birth. Scorpions are carnivorous animals and paralyze their prey using the venomous sting on the end of their tail so that the scorpion can eat it without trouble. Arachnida is placed within the Chelicerata, a subphylum of Arthropoda that contains sea spiders and horseshoe crabs, alongside terrestrial animals without book lungs such as ticks and harvestmen. As their name suggests, scorpionfish have a type of "sting" in the form of sharp spines coated with venomous mucus. Scientific Classification Common Name emperor scorpion Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnida Order Scorpiones Family Scorpionidae Genus Species Pandinus imperator. The waste passes through the hindgut and out of the anus. [113] In Muslim folklore, the scorpion portrays human sexuality. Scorpaena can be traced back to the Ancient Greek σκόρπαινα, which comes from the Greek word for scorpion. Description: Small scorpions found under stones and barks, in moist deciduous forests of Sahyadri hill ranges. Rocks or cork bark for hiding. Terminating in a venomous stinger supplied by a pair of poison glands, the tail is usually curved upward and forward over the back. The Italian Greyhound is a miniature dog with a big motor and personality! Click through all of our Scorpion images in the gallery. A reader recently asked: Which U.S. presidents had dogs and what were their breeds? [116] In Greek mythology, Gaia sent a giant scorpion to kill the hunter Orion, who had said he would kill all the world's animals; in different versions, either he kills the scorpion or it kills him. - Buy this stock photo and explore similar images at Adobe Stock [17], More recently, some twenty-two families containing over 2,500 species of scorpions have been described, with many additions and much reorganization of taxa in the 21st century. Others actively seek them out. Scorpions did not occur naturally in Great Britain, New Zealand and some of the islands in Oceania, but have now been accidentally introduced into these places by humans. Bittacidae (hangingflies) † Cimbrophlebiidae. The stings of many species are uncomfortable, but only 25 species have venom that is deadly to humans. Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. Like most scorpions, it is nocturnal, coming out mostly at night for feeding and mating. Fluorescence occurs as a result of sclerotisation and increases in intensity with each successive instar. Over 100 fossil species of scorpion have been described. A thick-set scorpion that can be creamy yellow to orange brown with darker brown or light brown patterning. Terminating in a venomous stinger supplied by a pair of poison glands, the tail is usually curved upward and forward over the back. There are around 2,000 different species of known scorpion found in most countries around the world today. Small animals are merely killed with the claws, particularly by large-clawed species. Fortunately, while a sting from this scorpion is extremely painful, it would be unlikely to kill a healthy, adult human. One fluorescent component is beta-carboline. [36] The body of a scorpion is divided into two parts or tagmata: the cephalothorax or prosoma, and the abdomen or opisthosoma. This scorpion got its name because of its often orange/red body color. The mother scorpion will look after her baby scorpions until they are able to hunt for themselves. Scientific Name. The katoikogenic system is documented in Hemiscorpiidae, Scorpionidae and Diplocentridae, and involves the embryos developing in a diverticulum which has a teat-like structure for them to feed though. Although this scorpion is big, its venom is not very potent, and its sting is commonly perceived to be about as painful as a honeybee's sting. There are 14 genera in the family, in two subfamilies, Nepinae and Ranatrinae. [68][69] The desert long-eared bat is also immune to scorpion venom, and in one study 70% of the bat droppings contained scorpion fragments. Scorpions also have two large claws or pincers which are located at the front of the body of the scorpion. The sucked-in food is pumped into the midgut by the pharynx, where it is further digested. Emperor Scorpion. A comparative study of the structure, function and adaptation to different habitats of burrows in the scorpion genus Urodacus (Scorpionida, Scorpionidae). A scorpion's cuticle holds in moisture via lipids and waxes from epidermal glands, and protects against ultraviolet radiation. Prevention encompasses personal activities such as checking shoes and clothes before putting them on, not walking in bare feet or sandals, and filling in holes and cracks where scorpions might nest. They serve as openings for the scorpion's respiratory organs, known as book lungs. [112], The scorpion is a culturally significant animal, appearing as a motif in art, especially in Islamic art in the Middle East. Fried scorpion is traditionally eaten in Shandong, China. For example, the black emperor scorpion is Pandinus imperator. They are relatively simple to keep, the main requirements being a secure enclosure such as a glass aquarium with a lockable lid, and the appropriate temperature and humidity for the chosen species, which typically means installing a heating mat and spraying regularly with a little water. Some species hibernate. Several scorpion species are sit-and-wait predators, which involves them waiting for prey at or near the entrance to their burrow. Scorpions in the genera Pandinus and Heterometrus are docile enough to handle. The evolutionary history of scorpions goes back 435 million years. [88], Juvenile stages or instars generally resemble smaller versions of adults, with fully-developed pincers, hairs and stingers. "Between the sign of the scorpion and the sign of the cross: "The Scorpion King: Sword of Osiris Review", "USS Scorpion (SSN 589) May 27, 1968 – 99 Men Lost", "Retrospective: 1974–1977 Montesa Cota 247-T", "Kathryn Budig Challenge Pose: Scorpion in Forearm Balance", American Museum of Natural History - Scorpion Systematics Research Group, CDC – Insects and Scorpions – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scorpion&oldid=994216543, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles containing Old French (842-ca. [62] Scorpions appear to have resistance to ionizing radiation. [84] They have two types of embryonic development; apoikogenic and katoikogenic. [115] Street lighting reduces scorpion activity. In this dance, the male and female move backwards and forwards while facing each other, as the male searches for a suitable place to deposit his spermatophore. Some species make direct, quick strikes with their tails while others make slower, more circular strikes which can more easily return the stinger to a position where it can strike again. The oldest found to date is Parioscorpio venator, which lived 437 million years ago, during the Silurian, in present-day Wisconsin. Mecoptera (from the Greek: mecos = "long", ptera = "wings") are an order of insects in the superorder Endopterygota with about six hundred species in nine families worldwide. It is also known as the Palestine yellow scorpion, Omdurman scorpion, Naqab desert scorpion and by many other colloquial names, which generally originate from the commercial captive trade of the animal. They are commonly called water scorpions for their superficial resemblance to scorpions, due to their raptorial forelegs and the presence of a long slender process at the posterior end of the abdomen, resembling a tail. The period before the first molt is called the pro-juvenile stage; the young are unable to feed or sting, but have suckers on their tarsi, used to hold on to their mother. A large Pandinus may consume up to three crickets each week. Sternite 2 forms the basal plate bearing the pectines,[48] which function as sensory organs. [21] Additional taxonomic changes are from papers by Soleglad et al. The spiracle openings may be slits, circular, elliptical or oval according to the species.
The exoskeleton of a scorpion contains fluorescent chemicals and glows under ultraviolet light. [107] They are used in Vietnam to make snake wine (scorpion wine). [71], When threatened, a scorpion raises its claws and tail in a defensive posture. Some species may live up to 25 years. These segments have keels, setae and bristles which may be used for taxonomic classification. The anus is at the distal and ventral end of the last segment, and is encircled by four anal papillae and the anal arch. Although scorpions are most common and diverse in deserts, they also live in many other habitats. A scorpion's scientific name is Pandinus Imperator. The mother glows bright teal, the babies a dull grey. The largest Australian scorpions can grow to 12 cm long, but many forest dwellers are only small. These tubes are the sites for both oocyte formation and embryonic development. Scientific name: Centruoides vittatus Size: 2.76 inches Venomous: Yes, but moderate. Fast scorpion facts. Taxonomy. They … Also like all scorpions, it is venomous, though a sting from this species will only produce a great deal of pain in the wounded area. [50], The mesosoma contains the heart or "dorsal vessel" which is the center of the scorpion's open circulatory system. Download this stock image: Scorpion, Scientific Name: Hotentotta tamulus - BXR9BF from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. [111], "Scorpion and snake fighting", Anglo-Saxon Herbal, c. 1050, The constellation Scorpius, depicted in Urania's Mirror as "Scorpio", London, c. 1825, A scorpion motif (two types shown) was often woven into Turkish kilim flatweave carpets, for protection from their sting. Under UV light, these scorpions will glow a bright bluish color making them easy to spot. The digestive juices from the gut are egested onto the food, and the digested food is then sucked into the gut in liquid form. Several ships of the Royal Navy and of the US Navy have been named Scorpion including an 18-gun sloop in 1803,[129] a turret ship in 1863,[130] a patrol yacht in 1898,[131] a destroyer in 1910,[132] and a nuclear submarine in 1960. [67] Meerkats are somewhat specialized in preying on scorpions, biting off their stingers and being immune to their venom. D'autres groupes d'arachnides ont, comme les scorpions, de très grands pédipalpes, qui forment des sortes de pinces à l'avant de leur corps, ce qui les fait ressembler un peu aux scorpions. However, they are largely absent from boreal ecosystems such as the tundra, high-altitude taiga, and mountain tops. The Bothriuridae diverged starting before temperate Gondwana broke up into separate land masses, completed by the Jurassic. [97][98][99] Mexico is one of the most affected countries, with the highest biodiversity of scorpions in the world, some 200,000 envenomations per year and at least 300 deaths. They became harder and more pigmented over the next couple of days. Answer. [75][76], Scorpions, like other arachnids, digest their food externally. [65], A scorpion uses its stinger both for killing prey and defense. Both tubes end in a spermiduct, one on each side of the mesosoma. The deathstalker ( Leiurus quinquestriatus) is a species of scorpion, a member of the family Buthidae. The vast majority of species do not represent a serious threat to humans, and healthy adults usually do not need medical treatment after being stung. [43] As in other arachnids, the nervous system is highly concentrated in the cephalothorax, but has a long ventral nerve cord with segmented ganglia which may be a primitive trait. Arizona Bark Scorpion. [96], Scorpion stings are a public health problem, particularly in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, North Africa, the Middle East and India. They excrete insoluble compounds such as xanthine, guanine, and uric acid, not requiring water for their removal from the body. Leur nom est parfois formé à partir du mot scorpion, comme les pseudoscorpions, par exemple. Centruroides sculpturatus. [10] The oldest found as of 2020 is Parioscorpio venator, which lived 437 million years ago, during the Silurian, in present-day Wisconsin. [34][35], Scorpions range in size from the 8.5 mm (0.33 in) Typhlocactus mitchelli of Typhlochactidae,[34] to the 23 cm (9.1 in) Heterometrus swammerdami of Scorpionidae. This was discovered in the early 1960s when scorpions were found to be among the few animals to survive nuclear tests at Reggane, Algeria. [106] In Thailand, scorpions are not eaten as often as other arthropods, such as grasshoppers, but they are sometimes fried as street food. (2005).[22][23]. En anglais, les uropyges sont appelées whip scorpions, ou whiptail scorpions, ce qui veut dire "scorpion à queue en fouet". Scientific Name: Centruoides vittatus (Say) Order: Scorpionida. Fast Facts Description Size Weight Diet Incubation Sexual Maturity Life Span Range Habitat Population Status IUCN: CITES: USFWS: Fun Facts. [15] In 1801, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck divided up the "Insecta aptera", creating the taxon Arachnides for spiders, scorpions, and acari (mites and ticks), though it also contained the Thysanura (thrips), Myriapoda and parasites such as lice. [33], As regards microhabitats, scorpions may be ground-dwelling, tree-loving, rock-loving or sand-loving. Scorpions can consume large amounts of food at one sitting. Kingdom: Animalia. Scorpions are predatory arthropod animals of the [67] Certain species have a preference for using either the claws or stinger as defense, depending on the size of the appendages. They mainly live in deserts but have adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions, and they can be found on all continents except Antarctica. 0 1 2. [40], The telson includes the vesicle, which contains a symmetrical pair of venom glands. The female gonads are made of three or four tubes that run parallel to each other and are connected by two to four transverse anastomoses. [39], The cephalothorax comprises the carapace, eyes, chelicerae (mouth parts), pedipalps (which have chelae, commonly called claws or pincers) and four pairs of walking legs. F - Buy … [59], Scorpion prefer areas where the temperature remains in the range of 11–40 °C (52–104 °F), but may survive temperatures from well below freezing to desert heat. Scorpions primarily prey on insects and other invertebrates, but some species take vertebrates. Stockmann, Roland and Ythier, Eric 2010. Guanine is the main component and maximizes the amount of nitrogen excreted. Scorpions of the World. [32][6] The highest altitude reached by a scorpion is 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) in the Andes, for Orobothriurus crassimanus. However, around 50 scorpion species are thought to carry enough venom that could cause more serious harm to humans and around half of those 50 scorpion species are believed to be capable of causing fatal results when having stung a human being. Scorpius is the name of a constellation, while the corresponding astrological sign is Scorpio; a classical myth tells how the giant scorpion and its enemy, Orion, became constellations on opposite sides of the sky. Order: Scorpiones. [118] More recently, the action in John Steinbeck's 1947 novella The Pearl centers on a poor pearl fisherman's attempts to save his infant son from a scorpion sting, only to lose him to human violence. The scorpions diversified between the Devonian and the early Carboniferous. † Permochoristidae. Never ones to ignore animal-related questions, we immediately got to work, dove into research, and emerged with a list of presidential dogs. Habitats ranging from woodlands to deserts are home for the Striped Bark Scorpion. For the band, see. [50] The tails of some species contain light receptors. Disclaimer: ITIS taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. The mesosoma also contains the reproductive system. Hadrurus species dig burrows as over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) deep. The ventral side of somite 1 has a pair of genital opercula covering the gonopore. [6] The extinct Eurypterida, sometimes called sea scorpions, though they were not all marine, are not scorpions; their grasping pincers were chelicerae, not homologous with the pincers (second appendages) of scorpions. The ability to resist cold may be related to the increase in the sugar trehalose when the temperature drops. [53] Males have two gonads made of two cylindrical tubes with a ladder-like configuration; they contain cysts which produce spermatozoa. Unlike present day scorpions, but lik… while others are active hunters. They are still soft and lack pigments, and thus continue to ride on their mother's back for protection. Most are ambushers.They wait for their prey to come to them, then they attack. Some species stridulate to warn off predators by rubbing certain hairs, the stinger or the claws. Which first family had over 30 pets and gave the White […] Read More, David Burnie, Dorling Kindersley (2011) Animal, The Definitive Visual Guide To The World's Wildlife, Tom Jackson, Lorenz Books (2007) The World Encyclopedia Of Animals, David Burnie, Kingfisher (2011) The Kingfisher Animal Encyclopedia, Richard Mackay, University of California Press (2009) The Atlas Of Endangered Species, David Burnie, Dorling Kindersley (2008) Illustrated Encyclopedia Of Animals, Dorling Kindersley (2006) Dorling Kindersley Encyclopedia Of Animals.